Natural Gas Pipe Sizing Basics
The method behind natural gas pipe sizing, from appliance heat input to gas flow and the code table, and the safety points that matter more than the size.
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Drainage Falls, Access Points and Cleanouts
How to set drainage falls from the outfall upstream, check them against the void, and place cleanouts and access points that can actually be used.
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Sump Pump and Pit Sizing for Basements
Size a basement sump pump and pit: peak inflow, rising main velocity, the V = Qp × T ÷ 4 working volume and the level stack, with a worked example.
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Siphonic Roof Drainage: How It Works and When to Use It
How siphonic (full-bore) roof drainage works, how it compares with gravity drainage, what the hydraulic design must check and when it is worth using.
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Hot Water Storage Cylinder Sizing
Size a hot water cylinder from peak demand, heater recovery and usable volume, with a worked sports changing room example and rule-of-thumb volumes.
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How Many Toilets? Sanitary Fixture Counts, EN vs IPC
Where minimum toilet and washbasin numbers come from under the IPC and in Europe, with a 120-person office calculated both ways.
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Water Hammer: Causes and Arrestor Sizing
Why quick-closing valves cause water hammer, how big the surge is (Δp = ρ·a·Δv) and how to size and place arrestors, with a worked solenoid valve example.
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Plumbing Pipe Materials: PPR, PE-X, Copper, Steel Compared
How to choose between PP-R, PE-X, multilayer, copper, stainless and galvanised steel for building water services: temperature, expansion, bore and water quality.
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HVAC Commissioning: A Practical Checklist
A 13-step HVAC commissioning checklist from design intent to seasonal testing, plus the classic site findings and how to spot them quickly.
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Cooling Towers: Range, Approach and Selection
Range, approach and wet bulb define every cooling tower duty. Learn how to size the heat rejection, flow and make-up water, and what to check on siting.
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